- 06
- Dec.
- 2024
Have you heard of the third-century bishop who left a lasting mark on history? Saint Nicholas, a real historical figure, is the inspiration behind our famous Santa Claus. But do you know what truly distinguishes these two figures? One is celebrated on December 6, while the other waits until Christmas Eve to bring joy to children and adults alike.
The legend of Saint Nicholas dates back to the fourth century in Lycia, an area in present-day Turkey. Born in 270 in Patara to a wealthy, devout Christian family, Nicholas inherited a great fortune upon the death of his parents and chose to give it to the poor.
Nicholas became the Bishop of Myra at a young age and is believed to have participated in the Council of Nicaea in 325, where he stood out for opposing Arianism. He was also imprisoned under Emperor Diocletian. One of the most well-known stories of his generosity tells how he saved three young girls from a life of prostitution by secretly throwing bags of gold through their window for three consecutive nights, allowing their father to provide them with dowries.
Saint Nicholas died on December 6, 343, in Myra. After his death, a remarkable event occurred: a fragrant oil, known as “manna,” is said to have flowed from his body and was believed to have miraculous properties. This date, December 6, became an annual day of commemoration to honor his memory and charitable acts.
Over the centuries, Saint Nicholas’s reputation spread across Europe, carried by sailors navigating the Mediterranean. A significant turning point came in 1087 when his relics were moved to Bari, Italy, spreading his legend and devotion throughout Western Europe. He became the patron saint of children, students, and many professions and regions, including Lorraine.
Saint Nicholas Day: an established tradition in Northern and Eastern Europe
Saint Nicholas Day is especially significant in Eastern France and many European countries, including Belgium, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Switzerland. While the traditions surrounding this holiday may differ across regions, they share a common theme: the giving of gifts to well-behaved children. On the night of December 5 to 6, Saint Nicholas, dressed in red with a mitre and an episcopal staff, visits homes to reward deserving children. Children leave out their shoes or plates, filled with a drink for the saint and a carrot for his donkey. In the morning, they awaken to find treats like oranges, gingerbread, chocolates and dried fruits.
Saint Nicholas is often accompanied by Father Fouettard, a figure in dark clothing who embodies the threat of punishment for misbehaving children. This stark contrast to Saint Nicholas’s benevolence serves as a reminder of the importance of good behavior. However, the focus remains on the reward rather than punishment, making Saint Nicholas Day a festive and eagerly anticipated event for all ages.
In areas where this tradition is vivacious, parades featuring Saint Nicholas and Father Fouettard draw thousands of spectators annually. Schools and towns organize celebrations, Christmas markets, and treat distributions to keep this ancestral custom alive. The cultural importance of Saint Nicholas Day is that Lorraine is working to have it recognized as part of UNESCO’s intangible cultural heritage, highlighting the region's deep connection to this iconic figure and its dedication to preserving this living heritage.
From Saint Nicholas to Santa Claus: a fascinating evolution
Although Santa Claus was inspired by Saint Nicholas, these two figures remain distinct. The evolution of Santa Claus is a captivating journey that spans centuries and reflects diverse cultural influences and successive adaptations. The major transformation began in the United States when Dutch settlers brought the tradition of “Sint Herr Nikolaas” to the new continent. Over time, the name was anglicized to “Sinterklaas” and later “Santa Claus.” In 1821, the poem The Night Before Christmas was instrumental in shaping Santa's modern image as a jolly, plump figure in furs, traveling in a sleigh pulled by reindeer.
Santa Claus’s appearance continued to evolve in the 19th century, with Thomas Nast creating the first modern portrayal in 1863. But it was Haddon Sundblom’s 1931 Coca-Cola advertising campaign that cemented Santa’s look: a red-and-white suit, a white beard and kind, cheerful expression that are now recognized around the world.
Despite these changes, Santa Claus still embodies some attributes of Saint Nicholas, such as generosity, attention paid to children and gift distribution. However, while Saint Nicholas visits on December 6 to reward well-behaved children, Santa Claus delivers gifts on Christmas Eve, December 24. This difference in the timing of celebration highlights the distinction between the two figures, each with its own unique identity and specific traditions.
Today, Saint Nicholas and Santa Claus coexist, each with his unique characteristics and deep cultural significance. While Santa Claus has become a prominent figure and a symbol of the holiday season across the globe, Saint Nicholas remains deeply embedded in the traditions of Eastern France and neighboring countries. His day’s celebration, rich in conviviality and a spirit of sharing, continues to uphold centuries of history and local traditions.
The miracles and legends of Saint Nicholas
Saint Nicholas is surrounded by numerous legends and miraculous stories that illustrate his generosity and miraculous powers. The most famous legend tells the tragic tale of three lost children who were taken in by a cruel butcher. He murdered them and hid their bodies in a salting tub, but Saint Nicholas intervened, miraculously bringing them back to life and punishing the butcher, who later became known as Father Fouettard – a dark figure that contrasts sharply with the saint's kindness.
Other legends tell of how Saint Nicholas saved sailors from a fierce storm, earning him the title of their patron saint, and how he helped a nobleman in having a son, later rescuing the boy when he fell into the water while holding a golden vase. According to tradition, Saint Nicholas would secretly leave bags of gold for impoverished families during the night, until one father caught him in the act, and his charitable deeds became known. Even today, the legend holds that Saint Nicholas announces his arrival by ringing a bell, signaling to children that it is time to go to bed, thus carrying on his reputation as a well-meaning and protective figure.
Comments